![]() The importance of hydrogen fuel production pathways, onboard storage approaches, refuelling and safety standards, and fleet management is also discussed. A case study simulation analysis of an HD 40-tonne FCEV truck is also presented, focusing on the comparison of powertrain losses and energy expenditures in different subsystems while running on VECTO Regional delivery and Longhaul cycles. This paper provides an overview of the FCEV powertrain topology suited for long-haul HD applications, their operating limitations, cooling requirements, waste heat recovery techniques, state-of-the-art in powertrain control, energy and thermal management strategies and over-the-air route data based predictive powertrain management including V2X connectivity. Fuel cell heavy-duty (HD) propulsion presents some specific characteristics, advantages and operating constraints, along with the notable possibility of gains in powertrain efficiency and usability through improved system design and intelligent onboard energy and thermal management. Depending on the hydrogen fuel source, the use of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV) for long-haul applications has shown significant potential in reducing road freight CO2 emissions until the possible maturity of future long-distance battery-electric mobility. Long-haul heavy-duty vehicles, including trucks and coaches, contribute to a substantial portion of the modern-day European carbon footprint and pose a major challenge in emissions reduction due to their energy-intensive usage. Este modelo puede ser usado para el diseño de sistemas de gestión de energía en instalaciones de producción de hidrógeno renovable. Para la toma de datos se recurre a datos experimentales obtenidos en el laboratorio. La implementación de las ecuaciones, simulación del modelo y validación del mismo se lleva a cabo con el software MATLAB/Simulink. El modelo se basa en ecuaciones ampliamente empleadas por la comunidad científica y en el ajuste de parámetros en función de los datos reales de un electrolizador PEM de 1 kW. El modelo incluye el dominio electroquímico para conocer la evolución de la tensión en función de la intensidad (o potencia) de entrada al mismo, temperatura de funcionamiento y presiones de hidrógeno y oxígeno, y el domino térmico para conocer la evolución de la temperatura en función de la intensidad (o potencia) de entrada, tensión y temperatura ambiente. The capacity of the developed PEM electrolysis plant is probed regarding its production rate, wide operating power range, reduced pressurization time, and high efficiency.Įn este artículo se construye un modelo dinámico de un electrolizador tipo PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane o Polymer Electrolyte Membrane). Additionally, the experimental results show the correct operation in the different states of the plant, analyzing the evolution of the hydrogen flow pressure and temperature. Experimental results validate the designed control logic in various operating cases, including warning and failure cases. Based on this, a control logic has been developed that guarantees efficient and safe operation. It is based on the realization of the optimal design of the BoP, paying special attention to the subsystems that comprise it: the power supply subsystem, water management subsystem, hydrogen production subsystem, cooling subsystem, and control subsystem. ![]() This paper develops the design, implementation, and practical experimentation of a BoP for a medium-size PEM electrolyzer. The two elements to improve are the stacks and BoP, also bearing in mind that improving BoP will positively affect the stack operation. Therefore, there is an open field of research for achievements in this technology. PEM technology offers distinct advantages, apart from the high cost of its components, its durability that is not yet guaranteed and the availability in the MW range. For this, scientific works are currently being produced on stacks technology improvement (mainly based on two technologies: polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) and alkaline) and on the balance of plant (BoP) or the industrial plant (its size depends on the power of the electrolyzer) that runs the stack for its best performance. A key sector in the development of hydrogen technology is its production, renewable if possible, with the objective to obtain increasingly efficient, lightweight, and durable electrolyzers. ![]() ![]() However, to achieve it, it is necessary to focus efforts on improving features of hydrogen-based systems, such as efficiency, start-up time, lifespan, and operating power range, among others. The progressive increase in hydrogen technologies' role in transport, mobility, electrical microgrids, and even in residential applications, as well as in other sectors is expected.
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